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12 21st, 2009| 
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Effective listening benefits both listeners and speakers. Listeners become less vulnerable to unethical advertising or to dishonest political communication. Improved listening skills can enhance both your academic performance and your chances for a successful career. Feedback from good listeners can help communication work better. Supportive listeners help relieve a speaker’s communication apprehension and can boost the speaker’s self-esteem.
Overcoming listening Problems. Some listening problems may arise from external sources, such as noisy surroundings. They may also result from a poorly organized message, unfamiliar language, or a speaker whose presentation is distracting. Most serious listening problems arise from factors internal to the listener, such as personal reactions to words, worries, attitudes, bad listening habits, or listener apprehension. Personal reactions to trigger words may set off strong emotions that block effective listening. Biased attitudes toward the speaker or the topic can interfere with listening. For example, filtering is a form of message distortion in which you hear only what you want to. Assimilation occurs when you interpret some favoured person’s views as identical with your own when there is actually a significant distance between the two positions. A contrast effect occurs when you see a position only slightly different from yours as quite different, because you have a negative bias towards the source.
Bad habits, such as pretending we are listening when we are not or listening only for facts, can also impair listening behaviour. Fear of listening is a major form of receiver apprehension. We are often fearful listeners when we know that a message will be important for us personally, when we will be held responsible for it, and when it is difficult to understand.
Effective listening skills can be developed. The first step is to identify your listening problems. Concentrate on the main ideas and the overall pattern of meaning in the speech. Strive to be as objective as you can be, and withhold judgment until you are certain you understand the message.
Competent speakers seem informed, intelligent, and well prepared. You can build a perception of your competence by selecting topics that you already know something about and by doing the research necessary to qualify you a responsible speaker. You can further enhance your competence by quoting experts and authoritative sources who support your position.
For example, you are speaking on the link between nutrition and heart disease, you might quote a prominent medical specialist or a publication of the American Heart Association: “Dr. Milas Peterson heads the Heart Institute at Harvard University. During his visit to our campus last week, I spoke with him about this point. He told me. . .“
Note the competence-related elements here:
I The speaker cited the qualifications of the expert and his connection a prestigious institution.
I The quotation contains the most recent information. The connection between the expert and the speaker is direct and personal, suggesting a favorable association. I The speaker demonstrates that he or she has prepared carefully for the speech by interviewing a visiting expert. When you cite authoritative sources in this way, you are “borrowing” their ethos to enhance your own as you strengthen the points you make in the speech. Remember, though, that borrowed ethos enhances but does not your ethos. Personal experience related as stories or examples can also help a speech seem authentic, bring it to life, and make you seem more competent. “Been there, done that” can be a very effective technique. Your competence will be further enhanced if your speech is well organized, if you use language ably and correctly, and if you make a polished presentation.
A speaker with integrity seems ethical, honest, and dependable. Listeners are more receptive when speakers are straightforward and concerned about the consequences of their words. You can enhance your integrity by presenting all sides of an issue and then explaining why you have chosen your position. You should also demonstrate that you are willing to follow your own advice. In a speech that calls for commitment or action, it should be clear to listeners that you are not asking more of them than you would ask of yourself. The more you ask of the audience, the more important your integrity becomes. Let us look at how integrity can be conveyed in a speech. Mona Goldberg was preparing a speech on welfare reform. The more she learned about the subject, the more convinced she became that budget cuts for welfare programs were unwise. In her speech, Mona showed that she took her assignment seriously by citing many authorities and statistics. She reviewed arguments both for and against cutting the budget and then showed her audience why she was against reducing aid to such programs. Finally, Mona revealed that her own family had had to live on unemployment benefits at one time. “I know the hurt, the loss of pride, the sense of growing frustration. I didn’t have to see them on the evening news.” Her openness showed that she was willing to trust her listeners to react fairly to this sensitive information. The audience responded in kind by trusting her and what she had to say. She had built an impression of herself as a person of integrity.
This example also shows how a “halo effect” can cause competence and integrity to be linked in judgments of credibility.’ Speakers who rank high in one quality may get positive evaluations in the other.